Budget Line Graph and Indifference Curve Practice

In microeconomic theory, an indifference curve generally refers to a graph that illustrates different levels of utility, or satisfaction, of a consumer who has been presented with assorted combinations of goods. That is to say that at any point on the graphed curve, the consumer holds no preference for one combination of goods over another. In the following practice problem, however, we will be looking at indifference curve data as it relates to the combination of hours that can be allotted to two workers in a hockey skate factory. The indifference curve created from that data will then plot the points at which the employer presumably should have  no preference for one combination of scheduled hours over another because the same output is met. Lets take a glimpse at what that looks like. Practice Problem Indifference Curve Data The following represents the production of two workers, Sammy and Chris, showing the number of completed hockey skates they can produce over the course of a regular 8-hour day: Hour Worked Sammys Production Chriss Production 1st 90 30 2nd 60 30 3rd 30 30 4th 15 30 5th 15 30 6th 10 30 7th 10 30 8th 10 30 From this indifference curve data, we have created 5 indifference curves, as shown in our indifference curve graph. Each line represents the combination of hours we can assign to each worker in order to get the same number of hockey skates assembled. The values of each line are as follows: Blue - 90 Skates AssembledPink - 150 Skates AssembledYellow - 180 Skates AssembledCyan - 210 Skates AssembledPurple - 240 Skates Assembled This data provides the starting point for data-driven decision making regarding the most satisfactory or efficient schedule of hours for Sammy and Chris based on output. To accomplish this task, we will now add a budget line to the analysis to show how these indifference curves can be used to make the best decision. Introduction to Budget Lines A consumers budget line, like an indifference curve, is a graphical depiction of assorted combinations of two goods that the consumer can afford based upon their current prices and his or her income. In this practice problem, we will be graphing the employers budget for employees salaries against the indifference curves that depict various combinations of scheduled hours for those workers. Practice Problem 1 Budget Line Data For this practice problem, assume that you have been told by the chief financial officer of the hockey skate factory that you have $40 to spend on salaries and with that you are to assemble as many hockey skates as possible. Each of your employees, Sammy and Chris, both make a wage of $10 an hour. You write the following information down: Budget: $40Chriss Wage: $10/hrSammys Wage: $10/hr If we spent all of our money on Chris, we could hire him for 4 hours. If we spent all of our money on Sammy, we could hire him for 4 hours in Chris place. In order to construct our budget curve, we jot down two points on our graph. The first (4,0) is the point at which we hire Chris and give him the total budget of $40. The second point (0,4) is the point at which we hire Sammy and give him the total budget instead. We then connect those two points. Ive drawn my budget line in brown, as seen here on the Indifference Curve vs. Budget Line Graph. Before moving forward, you may want to keep that graph open in a different tab or print it out for future reference, as we will be examining it closer as we move along. Interpreting the Indifference Curves and Budget Line Graph First, we must understand what the budget line is telling us. Any point on our budget line (brown) represents a point at which we will spend our entire budget. The budget line intersects with the point (2,2) along the pink indifference curve indicating that we can hire Chris for 2 hours and Sammy for 2 hours and spend the full $40 budget, if we so choose. But the points that lie both below and above this budget line also have significance. Points Below the Budget Line Any point below the budget line is considered  feasible but inefficient because we can have that many hours worked, but we would not spend our entire budget. For instance, the point (3,0) where we hire Chris for 3 hours and Sammy for 0 is feasible but inefficient because here we would only spend $30 on salaries when our budget is $40. Points Above the Budget Line Any point above the budget line, on the other hand, is considered  infeasible because it would cause us to go over our budget. For instance, the point (0,5) where we hire Sammy for 5 hours is infeasible as it would cost us $50 and we only have $40 to spend. Finding the Optimal Points Our optimal decision will lie on our highest possible indifference curve. Thus, we look at all the indifference curves and see which one gives us the most skates assembled. If we look at our five curves with our budget line, the blue (90), pink (150), yellow (180), and cyan (210)  curves all have portions that are on or below the budget curve meaning that they all have portions that are feasible. The  purple (250) curve, on the other hand, is at no time feasible since it is always strictly above the budget line. Thus, we remove the purple curve from consideration. Out of our four remaining curves, cyan is the highest and is the one that gives us the highest production value, so our scheduling answer must be on that curve. Note that many points on the cyan curve are above the budget line. Thus not any point on the green line is feasible. If we look closely, we see that any points between (1,3) and (2,2) are feasible as they intersect with our brown budget line. Thus according to these points, we have two options: we can hire each worker for 2 hours or we can hire Chris for 1 hour and Sammy for 3 hours. Both scheduling options result in the highest possible number of hockey skates based on our workers production and wages and our total budget. Complicating the Data:  Practice Problem 2 Budget Line Data On page one, we solved our task by determining the optimal number of hours we could hire our two workers, Sammy and Chris, based on their individual production, their wage, and our budget from the company CFO. Now the CFO has some new news for you. Sammy has gotten a raise. His wage is now increased to $20 an hour, but your salary budget has stayed the same at $40. What should you do now? First, you jot down the following information: Budget: $40Chriss Wage: $10/hrSammys New Wage: $20/hr Now, if you give the entire budget to Sammy you can only hire him for 2  hours,  while you can still hire Chris for four hours using the entire budget.  Thus,  you now mark the points (4,0) and (0,2) on your indifference curve graph and draw a line between them. Ive drawn a brown line between them, which you can see on  Indifference Curve vs. Budget Line Graph 2. Once again,  you may want to keep that graph open in a different tab or print it out for reference, as we will be examining it closer as we move along. Interpreting the New Indifference Curves and Budget Line Graph Now the area beneath our budget curve has shrunk. Notice the shape of the triangle has also changed. Its much  flatter,  since the attributes for Chris (X-axis) havent changed any, while Sammys time (Y-axis) has become much more expensive. As we can see. now the purple, cyan, and yellow curves are all above the budget line indicating that they are all unfeasible. Only the blue (90 skates) and pink (150 skates) have portions that are not above the  budget line. The blue curve, however, is completely below our budget line, meaning all the points represented by that line are feasible but inefficient. So we will disregard this indifference curve as well. Our only options left are along the pink indifference curve. In fact, only points on the pink line between (0,2) and (2,1) are feasible, thus we can either hire Chris for 0 hours and Sammy for 2 hours or we can hire Chris for 2 hours and Sammy for 1 hour, or some combination of factions of hours that fall along those two points on the pink indifference curve. Complicating the Data:  Practice Problem 3 Budget Line Data Now for another change to our practice problem. Since Sammy has become relatively more expensive to hire, the CFO has decided to increase your budget from $40 to $50. How does this impact your decision? Lets write down what we know: New Budget: $50Chriss Wage: $10/hrSammys Wage: $20/hr We see that if you give the entire budget to Sammy you can only hire him for 2.5  hours,  while you can hire Chris for five hours using the entire budget if you wish.  Thus,  you can now mark  down  the points (5,0) and (0,2.5) and draw a line between them. What do you see? If drawn correctly, youll note that the new budget line has moved upward. It has also moved parallel to the original budget line, a phenomenon that occurs whenever we increase our budget. A decrease in  budget, on the other hand, would be represented by a parallel shift downward in the  budget line. We see that the yellow (150) indifference curve is our highest feasible curve. To make the must select a point on that curve on the line between (1,2), where we hire Chris for 1 hour and Sammy for 2, and (3,1) where we hire Chris for 3 hours and Sammy for 1. More Economics Practice Problems: 10 Supply Demand Practice ProblemsMarginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Practice ProblemElasticity of Demand Practice Problems

Essay about Caged Bird - 650 Words

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Maya Angelou, in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, tells her story of how and when she grew up. In Arkansas at the time of Maya Angelous childhood, many things were looked upon as bad or unfavored. Mayas problem was that she was black and a woman. Her novel depicts her life in rural Stamps, Arkansas with her grandmother and in St. Louis, Missouri, where her mother resided. At the age of three Maya and her four-year old brother, Bailey, were turned over to the care of their paternal grandmother in Stamps. Southern life was filled with humiliation, violation, and displacement. These actions were exemplified for blacks by the fear of the Ku Klux Klan, racial separation of the town, and the many†¦show more content†¦She thinks she cannot be heroic like all the boys she read about in her comics, for the fact of being a girl. Being female was just as limiting for Maya as being black, and seemed to be something to struggle against rather than embrace. Maya knew that to be blac k and female is to be faced with violence and violation. In her society, blacks were no good and women were only useful for sex. Maya struggled throughout her childhood to accept her race and gender. This is brought into focus when she went to live with her mother and is raped by her mothers boyfriend. After Maya eventually reveals who did this to her, the man is killed. She believed that her own voice killed him. This childhood rape reveals the pain that African American women suffered as victims not only of racism but also sexism. She withdrew herself and vows never to speak again. Her mother feels that she has done everything in her power to make Maya talk, but she cannot reach her. She sends Maya and her brother back to Stamps. After Maya returned to Stamps, and with the help of her Teacher Ms. Flowers, she began to speak again. For the most part, though as a struggle, Mayas experiences have made her a much stronger person. African-American women, during Mayas time, faced great er troubles than a colored male would have. The society was racist and sexist as well. Maya saw this as a challenge and rose through everything, eventually becoming a successfulShow MoreRelated Maya Angelou as a Caged Bird Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesMaya Angelou as a Caged Bird    The graduation scene from I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings illustrates how, living in the midst of racism and unequal access to opportunity, Maya Angelou was able to surmount the obstacles that stood in her way of intellectual develop and find higher ground.   One of the largest factors responsible for Angelous academic success was her dedication to and capacity for hard work, My work alone has awarded me a top place...No absences, no tardinesses, and my academicRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1482 Words   |  6 Pages Maya Angelou tells of her life experiences and struggles in her book â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† that gives us insight about Maya’s life as a young black girl growing up in a time of racism. The novel discusses various forms of oppression that she had to face as well cope with them. Robert A. Gross wrote an analysis for Newsweek about the book and claimed that Angelou’s book is not only an interesting story of her ow n experience, but also a portrayal of a Southern black communityRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1555 Words   |  7 Pages28th of May 2014, she was an Activist, acclaimed American poet, storyteller and autobiographer. However, all her accomplishments were born out of abuse, violence, neglect and pain, that she wrote about in her autobiographical novel, I know why the caged bird sings which was published in 1969. In the book, she wrote not only about the conflicts that plagued her for much of her life but also how the role they played in her life. 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Throughout the story, it is clear that Maya changes from being a setback of bigotry to end up distinctly a young lady with self-nobility and character that helps her to conquer partiality. The setting of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings concentrates on the issues connected with bigotry thatRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1126 Words   |  5 PagesMaya Angelou was a gifted woman with one of the greatest voices of African American literature. Previously known as Marguerite Johnson, she was one of the most important women of our time. She was best known for her autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Not only was Maya Angelou able to overcome all the racial discriminations and interferences that she endured growing up, she was also able to prove to many people what a successful African American author and activist she was. 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Trough-out her legacy she continuously created poems promoting civil rights from her personal and social views. â€Å"still I rise â€Å"is one of her earlier working but is still consider one of the greatest poems on discussing the social views atRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings2495 Words   |  10 PagesIn the memoir, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou presents the theme: coming of age. This theme is shown throughout the book many times, espec ially when something big happens to her, changing the way that she reacts to things and the way that she sees things. Another way that this theme is shown throughout the book is the way that she words things in the beginning, vs the way that she words things in the end. The change in her writing style and her language shows this. Not only was she

The Life Cycle of Monarch Butterflies and the Annual Migration Free Essays

An amazing life cycle of monarch butterflies shows the beauty and the perfection of nature. Some insects have a complete metamorphosis which is a changing in the insect body form through different stages. Monarch butterfly undergoes a perfect complete metamorphosis process: egg, larva, pupa and adult (Bernstein, 1990). We will write a custom essay sample on The Life Cycle of Monarch Butterflies and the Annual Migration or any similar topic only for you Order Now The process of metamorphosis is guided by genes. There are three hormones produced from the genes.First, Brain hormone which makes a gland in the thorax gives the second hormone (Molting hormone) which is completely depends on the third hormone (Juvenile hormone) which causes the molting of the larva when it presents in high amount. Each stage of the metamorphosis is specialized to do a particular activity so the metamorphosis process is very beneficial in that manner because it prevents a mixing between two functions that ask for huge energy such as in the caterpillar stage the mission is growing while in the butterfly stage responsible for the reproducting (Towle, 1991).After mating, the male lepidopteran dies while the female has to survive until she lays her eggs. She chooses the place to put her eggs carefully by choosing a close spot to leaves so that the caterpillars can eat when they hatch . The mission of the caterpillar is eating. Starting with it shell which protected it as it developed . When the caterpillar grows, its ready to move to the next stage (pupa) by spinning a silk pad and hanging their heads downward from the pad . here are active changes inside the pupa to form an adult butterfly by completing the transformation of the organs and the arrangement of the muscular system then after a while its ready to emerge (Patent, 1979). Monarch butterflies migration Migration of monarch butterflies is the most amazing biological event on the earth. The journey of monarch butterflies is around 3100 miles (500 km). When the temperature drops in winter in the north of the U. S. , butterflies migrate to the south (Mexico and California) looking for warmer places (Hussong, 2010).The annual migration needs four generations to be complete. All the four generations have the same time limits of the first three stages of the life cycle: four days as an egg, two weeks as a larva, and ten days as a pupa but the difference comes in the last stage â€Å"as an adult† the first generations live for (2 – 6) weeks but the fourth generation lives for (6 – 8) months in Mexico and California then its migrate north lay their eggs and die (Rosenblatt, 2002). The threats to monarch butterflies The annual migration of monarch butterflies is facing several threats.The most dangerous threat that affects the migration is deforestation. An illegal logging caused by the Mexicans is the major factor of deforestation in Mexico. Now with a decreased number of trees monarch butterflies lost their favored spots and they have less area to settle. Some scientists say that the entire extraordinary migration of the monarch butterfly is in danger of collapsing. Global warming is important as well because it’s causing a decrease in the number of monarch butterflies. Climate change is affecting their wintering grounds and summer breeding grounds.A wetter, colder weather is predicted in Mexico over next 50 years and the freezing temperature with rain can be deadly to overwintering butterflies. The government and the authorities in North America are trying to save monarch butterflies by building sanctuaries and supporting monarch butterflies organizations such as: Monarch butterfly biosphere reserve, and North America Monarch Conservation Plan (NAMCP).References Bernstein, L. (1990). Globe biology . New Jersey, NJ: Globe Book Company. Hussong, J. (2010, April 13). The mighty monarch butterfly migration. Retrieved from org/search/editorial/monarch+migration/1.html† http://www. thecircumference. rg/search/editorial/monarch+migration/1. html Mcneil, D. G. (2006, October 3). Fly away home. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2006/10/03/science/03butter. html? _r=1-r=1 Moeller, R. (2002, July 10). How monarchs make their way to Mexico. Scientific American. Retrieved from cfm?id=how-monarchs-make-their-w†http://www. scientificamerican. com/article. cfm? id=how-monarchs-make-their-w Patent, D. H. (1979). Butterflies and moths: How they function. New York, NY: Holiday House. Raver, A. (1998, December 29). Learning the what, why and how of butterflies. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/1996/12/29/style/learning-the-what-why-and-how-of-butt How to cite The Life Cycle of Monarch Butterflies and the Annual Migration, Essays

Accounting and Its Relevance

Question: Indicate the main purposes of management accounting and its relevance to the management of organisations. Answer: Introduction In this report, discussion will be mainly based on management costing concept, its impact on the management in taking strategic decision and how it differs from the financial costing. While understanding the concept of management accounting an in-depth knowledge of various types of cost is required to be required. After that, all the costs are identified and categorized. Then budget for the upcoming year is to be prepared based on the cost and production level analysis (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Then after the actual performance during the whole year, variance analysis is made between budgeted cost and actual cost where the reasons for variances are identified and reported to the management. Financial Accounting and Management Accounting Financial accounting is based on various accounting standards, which an organization must comply in order to present a transparent financial statement with the users. Whereas management accounting is concerned with the operation report that helps the management to understand the present financial position of the company and make strategic plans for future (Horngren et al. 2013). For example, the cost of not meeting demands or opportunity cost is not reflected in financial accounting but it is reflected in management accounting so that management can understand what would have been there actual profit if they had been able to meet their demands fully. Whenever any new software is to be implemented, management must consider all the factors of it which will affect the financial accounting as well as management accounting. Financial accounting tends to report on the entire business of the organization where management accounting provides a detailed analysis of product line, cost allocation between various products (Deegan 2012). Financial accounting mainly focuses on the profitability of the organization whereas management accounting indentifies the causes of problem related to the operation and help in finding ways to fix them. In financial accountings records are required to be preserved to prove that financial statements are prepared in consistency with accounting policies whereas management accounts deals with future forecast and decision making aspects of the organization (Edwards 2013). It includes budget and variance analysis. In case of financial accounting, financial statement is required to be prepared at the end of accounting period that may be quarterly, half yearly or yearly whereas in management accounting reporting is made to the board of directors frequently so that they can make strategic planning with the latest report. Classification of Cost Cost and revenue are the two important aspects based on which the completely financial statement is prepared. Either every item in the financial statement is a cost incurred by the company or revenue generate from sale of goods and service (DRURY 2013). Therefore, classification of cost is very important so that financial statement reflects the true picture of the organizational performance. Cost can be classified as follows: Committed fix cost: Committed fix cost are those type of fix cost, which has been committed to be incurred in future. For example, monthly salary paid to employees, office rent and warehouse rent. These costs are relevant for long term planning and not for short term planning (Ramanathan 2014). These costs do not vary with the production level and is reduced per unit when production level increases. Sunk Cost: These are cost which have already been incurred and nothing can be done. For example, non-refundable down payment, which has already been, paid to purchase machinery which will be forfeited if the machinery is not purchased. These costs are irrelevant for decision-making purpose. Slab fixed cost: This type of cost is fixed up to a certain level after that it increases and remain fixed again up to a certain level (Balakrishnan, Labro and Soderstrom 2014). For examples, number of nurses required is 4 for 100 patients or part thereof. So whenever the number of patients increases above 100, number of nurses required is 8. Discretionary fix cost: This type of fix cost is relevant to any decision making. For example, if any new proposal is to be accepted by the management for the ideal capacity it have then it may have to incur certain fix cost, which is specific to the new proposal. Opportunity cost: It is the contribution lost for not producing one product because of producing any other product in its place. This cost is to be taken into account while taking any new proposal i.e. it is relevant for decision-making purpose. It is also known as shadow cost (Fullerton, Kennedy and Widener, 2013). Whenever decision is to be taken for any other alternative then net evaluation of the product is to be computed based on shadow price based on that decision is to be taken. Variable cost: Variable costs are those changes with the production level. It is relevant for short term as well as long term since they are measured per unit. It is fixed per unit of goods sold whereas fixed cost per unit changes with increase in production level. For examples raw material per unit, labour cost per unit and other cost which are measured per unit. Marginal Cost: It is the cost of producing one additional unit of a product. Marginal costing is used to compute profit volume ratio, breakeven point (Ward 2012). It is relevant for short-term decision making by the management. Management must do breakeven analysis whenever any new investment is to be made. Budget Budget is required to be prepared before starting any business and every year so that management can have an idea of the cost and revenue structure of upcoming year. Budget is prepared and presented to the management as an estimation of various cost and the profitability of the company given a particular production level. Zero Based Budgeting (ZBB) is the starting point of preparing budget. First the cost centres are to be identified then flexible budget is to be prepared, then identify the principal budget factor. After that functional budget is to be prepared and at last variances are to be computed. In this process, traditional budget is to be prepared and then differences are adjusted with functional budget as budget allowances (Otley and Emmanuel 2013). Now after six or seven years the budget will not reflect the exact position of the business. Hence, to get back the original budget performance the budgeting process will again start from zero i.e. identification of cost centre, flexi budget and so on and for this purpose budget allowance are not considered. This whole process is known as ZBB. However, this process is costly and time consuming. Operational budget is a plan for the expenditure to be incurred in future. For example, operational budget typically includes anticipated labour and material cost. Operational budget are of various types: Flexi Budget: In this type of budget production cost is anticipated for various production level based and profitability is determined based on that, it is decided to commence production at a particular level (Strumickas and Valanciene 2015). The structure of flexi budget consists of fixed cost that are fixed at every production level, semi variable cost which means some portion of the cost is fixed while some portion is variable and variable cost which varies with the level of production like material and labour cost. Cash budget: In this type of budget the cash inflow and outflow during the entire year is shown on a monthly basis. It starts with opening cash balance during the month that is the closing balance of the previous month. After that all cash inflows like cash sales, recovered from debtors and other cash receipts are added with the opening balance (Parker 2012). Then all the cash outflows like cash purchase, payment to creditors and other cash expenses are to be deducted to arrive at the closing cash balance for the month, which is then carried forward to the next month. Production Budget: It determines the number of units required to be produced to meet the demand, which takes into account the principal budget factor or bottleneck factor.Raw material purchase budget: It determines the units of raw material required to be purchased for producing at a particular level of capacity. It also determines the amount of amount required for the purchase of raw material. Labour budget: It determines the amount if labour cost, number of labour required and takes into account the labour down time and labour idleness Master budget: This type of budget is takes into account and covers all the aspects in an organization that is why it is called master budget. All those costs which are relevant for any decision making is known as relevant cost like variable cost, opportunity cost and discretionary fix cost and are considered while preparing master budget (CPA and Shi 2016). It takes into account all the budgets discussed above. Standard Costing and variance analysis Standard Cost means should be cost for actual units produced. It is never possible that estimated cost and production unit is the same as actual cost and production units that is why the concept of standard costing came, which involves determination of revenue and cost on the basis of benchmarking. Based on these variances is calculated comparing actual cost with standard cost. Variance is calculated for sales, volume and all types of cost. Variances are further sub divided into rate variances, usage variance and ideal capacity variance. Rate variance is the difference in actual and standard cost due to change in estimated rates (ker and AdÄ ±gzel 2016). Usage variance is the difference between actual and standard cost due to change in estimated consumption of units. Ideal cost variance is used while calculating variances for labour, variable and fixed overhead. It is the cost for which payment has to be made but no production of goods will occur due to labour down time. In case of sales, sales price variance means the difference between standard sales and actual sales due to change in the estimated sales price. Sales volume variance means the difference between actual sales and standard sales due to change in estimated sales volume whereas profit values variance means the change in profit due to change in estimated volume. Variances are further categorized into material mix and yield variance, labour gang variance, capacity and sub capacity variance, margin variance, operational and planning variances that are required for detailed analysis of variances (Wild and Shaw 2013). All the variances are adjusted with the budgeted profit to get the actual profit. Variances are of two types favourable variance and unfavourable variance. Favourable are those, which are good for the organization whereas unfavourable variances are those, which are not good for the organization. Favourable variances occur when actual cost is less than the standard cost, actual revenue is more than the standard revenue or actual production units are more than estimated production units. Unfavourable variances occurs when actual cost is more than standard cost, actual revenue is less than standard revenue or actual production units are less than estimated production units (Bedford and Sandelin 2015). Revenue and all type of cost can have either favourable or unfavourable variance except for ideal cost variance, which is always unfavourable. This analysis of variances is to be reported to the management on regular interval so that they can take decision based on information and take steps to minimize unfavourable variance Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that management accounting is for internal purpose whereas financial accounting is for external purpose. Cost are mainly of four types fixed cost, variable cost, semi variable cost and slab fixed cost which can be further classified into relevant and non relevant. Budget is a very essential part of management accounting that is why it is required to be prepared every year. Based on budget and actual cost incurred during the year variance analysis is made which may be either favourable or non-favourable and reported to management for decision making purpose References Balakrishnan, R., Labro, E. and Soderstrom, N.S., 2014. Cost structure and sticky costs.Journal of Management Accounting Research,26(2), pp.91-116. Bedford, D.S. and Sandelin, M., 2015. Investigating management control configurations using qualitative comparative analysis: an overview and guidelines for application.Journal of Management Control,26(1), pp.5-26. CPA, A.B. and Shi, Y., 2016. LEANING AWAY FROM STANDARD COSTING.Strategic Finance,97(12), p.38. Deegan, C., 2012.Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Edwards, J.R., 2013.A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting)(Vol. 29). Routledge. Fullerton, R.R., Kennedy, F.A. and Widener, S.K., 2013. Management accounting and control practices in a lean manufacturing environment.Accounting, Organizations and Society,38(1), pp.50-71. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. ker, F. and AdÄ ±gzel, H., 2016. Timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ driven activityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based costing: An implementation in a manufacturing company.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,27(3), pp.39-56. Otley, D. and Emmanuel, K.M.C., 2013.Readings in accounting for management control. Springer. Parker, L.D., 2012. Qualitative management accounting research: Assessing deliverables and relevance.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,23(1), pp.54-70. Ramanathan, S., 2014.Accounting for Management: A Basic Text in Financial and Management Accounting. Oxford University Press. Strumickas, M. and Valanciene, L., 2015. Research of management accounting changes in Lithuanian business organizations.Engineering Economics,63(4). Ward, K., 2012.Strategic management accounting. Routledge. Wild, J. and Shaw, K., 2013.Managerial accounting. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Notes on Phillis Wheatley Essay Example

Notes on Phillis Wheatley Essay Wheatley is arguably one of the most discussed authors of her time. Her success is an accumulation of the many rare circumstances that she was afforded in life. One could argue that it was pure luck that afforded her the opportunity to be educated and published in a society that still supported slavery. Whetleys poetry has been received in many ways over many generations. Some support and understand her point of view while others criticize it and feel that she is a sell out and an Uncle Tom. Whatever ones opinion about her works may be, it is a fact that Phillis Wheatley was alented beyond her years and circumstances. One work that can best articulate the reasoning behind individuals mixed points of view regarding Wheatley is her poem On Being Brought from Africa to America. It is important to give background on the life of Wheatley so that it will be easier to analyze the motivations of poetry. By looking back on how she came into her education and literary abilities it is easy to see why she felt so strong in her convictions in this poem. While the date and place of her birth are not documented, it is believed that Phillis Wheatley was born in 1753 in West Africa, and that during er childhood she was brought to British-ruled Boston, Massachusetts on July 1 1, 1761, on a slave ship named The Phillis own by Timothy Fitch and captained by Peter Gwinn. At the age of seven, she was sold to the wealthy Boston merchant and tailor John Wheatley, who bought her as a servant for his wife Susanna. John and Susanna Wheatley chose to name her Phillis, after the ship that had brought her to America. They also gave her their last name of Wheatley, as was a common custom during the time, if slaves had any last name at all. The Wheatleys eighteen-year-old daughter, Mary, first tutored Phillis in reading and writing. Their son Nathaniel also helped her. John Wheatley was a progressive throughout New England; his family gave Phillis an education that was rare for an enslaved person, let alone a female of any race. By twelve, Phillis was reading Greek and Latin classics as well as scriptures from the Bible. We will write a custom essay sample on Notes on Phillis Wheatley specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Notes on Phillis Wheatley specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Notes on Phillis Wheatley specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Wheatleys recognized Phillis literary ability and the Wheatley family supported her education and left the household labor to their other domestic slaves. The Wheatleys often showcased Phillis literary abilities to friends and family. Strongly influenced by her studies of seasoned and talented authors like Alexander Pope, John Milton, Homer, Horace and Virgil, Phillis Wheatley began to write poetry. It seemed that the Wheatleys found it a matter of great importance that her work was authenticated. This was most likely because many white colonists found it difficult to believe that an African slave was writing excellent poetry. They enlisted the assistance of many men who were monumentally influential in society. Among these men were Thomas Hutchinson, Massachusetts governor, Andrew Oliver, the lieutenant governor, Rev. Mather Byles and Rev. Charles Chauncey, as well as John Hancock, Thomas Hubbard, Dr. Benjamin Rush, James Bowdin, and John Erring. It was definitely a step forward for a black woman in this time period to have passed what may have been a quite rigorous authentication by such highly regarded white men. It words using Latin or Greek. It is fortunate that the Whetleys had enough forethought to have Phillis vetted as an author. Being a female author at the time was somewhat common but it was not as greatly respected as a male author would have been. Not only was Phillis a woman but she was an enslaved black woman. Had Phillis not been authenticated, by such prominent and powerful men, he work would definitely have ever been published and she may have gone the way of many other great but unknown authors of her time, black or white. Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land, Taught my benighted soul to understand That theres a God, that theres a Saviour too: Once I redemption neither sought nor knew. Some view our sable race with scornful eye, Their colour is a diabolic dye. Remember, Christians, Negroes, black as Cain, May be refind, and Join th angelic train. At first glance this poem by Phillis seems a bit off putting, but now that we know her background it will be a little clearer as to why she wrote what she wrote. Perhaps it was because she had conflicting feelings about the institution. In the above poem, it seems as though she praises slavery because it brought her to Christianity. But, in another poem, she wrote that slavery was a cruel fate. Wheatley begins by crediting her slavery as a positive, because it has brought her to Christianity. While her Christian faith was surely genuine, it was also a safe subject for a slave poet. Expressing gratitude for her enslavement may be unexpected but Wheatleys experience was so different that that of many slaves at that time. Her use f the word benighted is also interesting: it meaning is overtaken by night or darkness or being in a state of moral or intellectual darkness. Therefore we see Phillis making her skin color and her original state of ignorance of Christian redemption parallel situations. She also uses the phrase mercy brought me and the title on being brought ; deftly down-playing the violence of the kidnapping of a child and the voyage on a slave ship, so as to not seem a dangerous critic of slavery, but at the same time crediting not the slave trade, but (divine) mercy with the act. This could be read as d enying the power to those human beings who kidnapped her and subjected her to the voyage and to her subsequent sale and submission. She credits mercy with her voyage, but also with her education in Christianity. Both were actually at the hands of human beings. In turning both to God, she reminds her audience that there is a force more powerful than they are a force that has acted directly in her life. Phillis cleverly distances her reader from those who view our sable race with scornful eye ,perhaps thus nudging the reader to a more critical view of slavery or at least a more positive view of those who are slaves. Sable as a self-description of her color is a very interesting choice of words. Sable is very of the next line. Diabolic die may also be a subtle reference to another side of the triangle trade which includes slaves. At about that same time, the Quaker leader John Woolman was boycotting dyes in order to protest slavery. In the second-to-last line, the word Christian is placed ambiguously. She may either be addressing her last sentence to Christians or she may be including Christians in those who may be refined and find salvation. She reminds her reader that Negroes may be saved. The implication of her last sentence is also this: the angelic train will include both white and black. In the last sentence, she uses the verb remember implying that the reader is already with her and Just needs the reminder to agree with her point. She uses the verb remember in the form of a direct command. While echoing Puritan preachers in using this style, Phillis Wheatley is also taking on the role of one who has the right to command: a teacher, a preacher, even perhaps a master or mistress. What can be said is that the poems of Phillis Wheatley display not only classical quality but restrained emotion as well. Many deal with the Christian sentiments she learned from her masters. Often times, Wheatley uses classical mythology and ancient history as allusions, including many references to the muses as inspiring her poetry in a clear imitation of the great authors that she had studied earlier in her life. She speaks to the white establishment, not to fellow slaves nor, really, for them. This is most likely why individuals feel she was a traitor to her race. The perception of Wheatleys work changed over time. In its prime it was found to be profound that the writings of a black woman could add toward the notions that blacks were ntellectually inferior and incapable of being as equally influential as their white counterparts being disapproved. However, as time progressed, blacks began to treat Wheatleys poems as works of treason against her own race, even going as far as to call her an Uncle Tom or sellout. What must be understood is that the time period in which Wheatley wrote and the time period in which man individuals read her works are drastically different. It is generally individuals of later generations who feel that Wheatley was a traitor to her race for speaking so highly of the whites who enslaved her. Their error is not looking into the reality of the situation. Yes, it is unfortunate that Wheatley was taken from her homeland and shipped thousands of miles on an overcrowded boat to a new nation which she knew nothing of. The exception is that this is probably the worst part of Phillis Wheatleys experience as a slave. She had the opportunity t be well educated, and it is clear that her owners cared well for her. There is no doubt that she was well fed and well dressed. The Wheatleys certainly were not going to have her appear and travel as a representation of them in an unkempt appearance. Phillis certainly knew that there was a cruel and unfair side of enslavemt but she didnt experience it and that was showcased in her poems. It seems almost unfair to blame her for writing her opinions on the experience in slavery that she had. Instead of criticizing Wheatleys poems individuals should Just take them for what they are and learning from them. Each time period is filled with authors who have different points of view and different subjects that are important to them as writers. Rather than viewing Wheatleys works as an act of treason they what it was like for slaved during that time period. It is most likely that Whetley was not the only slave who did not have the typical slave experience and was afforded opportunities rare for the masses. On Being Brought from Africa to America is one of Phillis Wheatleys most discussed pieces. Her points of view are profound and her experience is rare. This is almost more of a history piece than a poem because it allows insight on every aspect of the experience of slavery. Although all may not agree with her views, it cannot be removed that her intellect and abilities reached far beyond her years and gave her works the resilience to transcend generations.

8 ideas for experienced teachers who want a second career

8 ideas for experienced teachers who want a second career Teaching is both rewarding and difficult. There’s a lot to love about the profession, particularly having a front seat to witness students growing and learning throughout the school year. But over the long term teachers can get worn out- and are often overworked for little pay. The good news for experienced teachers is that the profession comes with a number of translatable skills. In addition to particular subject area knowledge, experienced teachers possess excellent public speaking, presentation, and leadership skills, and establish themselves as effective communicators- not just with school-aged populations, but also among parents, colleagues, and administrators. Teachers are also adept at detail-oriented work like editing, long-term planning of activities, and meeting educational goals.If you’re looking to leave the traditional classroom, the skills you’ve acquired as a teacher are can translate to many jobs in varying fields. Let’s look at a few.8 no n-classroom jobs for teachers1. Employee training/HRMany companies offer workshops, new employee training, and orientations, and need someone to run them. These employee training activities require someone with a similar skillset to teaching. Often housed in the HR Department, the presentation and transfer of knowledge in a corporate setting can offer experienced teachers a place to use their communication skills to help employees learn about their company and enrich their experiences at work.2. School administratorWhether in the area of running the day-to-day business of the school or assisting in curriculum development, teaching experience is a boon for any administrative position. From school principals to university registrars, there are a variety of positions that help keep a school running, and most positions require advanced degrees. This is a good position for teachers who are devoted to the educational system, but worn out on teaching in the classroom.3. Residential life c oordinator/Youth organization directorThe organizational skills required to plan a year of lessons and be flexible minute to minute in the classroom translate well to camps, youth organizations, and residential life departments of college campuses. Teaching experience means you will be adept at the long-term planning required in these roles, and familiarity with specific age groups in a classroom setting gives you a leg up, as you must show you can deal with large groups of people and keep them organized and engaged.4. Freelance writing and editingTeachers’ communications skills translate well to writing and editing positions, where they can use their expertise to educate outside of the classroom. Writing offers more flexibility than teaching, but less job security- especially as most writers work on a freelance basis. Editing positions, where a teacher can be called upon as a subject-matter expert to review and offer advice on their topic of knowledge, are another great free lance opportunity.5. Guidance counselorGuidance counselors must have specific knowledge about school-age populations, testing, and school district guidelines, as well as the ability to tap into a student’s motivation. Teachers already know how to do this well. In most cases, guidance counselors need to be licensed, and in some states, they need to have a master’s degree. While this job is very much adjacent to the classroom, as the primary goal is guiding students toward their educational goals, the change from classroom to office is a big one. Even so, you’re still in a school setting so that the career will feel s.6. Academic librarianExperienced teachers fit well into the role of librarian, as they have experience engaging with students while helping them in educational settings. In academic libraries, there are subject librarians with particular knowledge in certain areas (similar to teaching) that help students and faculty find resources to help with their research. Academic librarians often give presentations or build websites for university classes to help them learn how to use library tools. This role requires a graduate degree in library and information science, but for teachers looking to make a career move it can be a great option.7. Event plannerLarge-scale events, from evening receptions to corporate meetings, require a lot of planning over months and need planners with ability to think on their feet to make sure the day of the event runs smoothly. As they coordinate speakers, catering, and venue staff, event planners must be detail-oriented, effective communicators who are comfortable with large groups. While a departure from teaching, running a big event and coordinating all the details requires a similar skillset and can be a new avenue for a teacher looking to embark on a totally different career.8. Teaching outside the classroomEssentially â€Å"freelance† teaching, this option offers educators the ability to set t heir own schedules. Beyond the traditional classroom setting in schools, there are growing opportunities for online teaching or tutoring one-on-one or in small groups. Educators who don’t want to branch out on their own can also work through an agency. For teachers who have frustration with the school system but still have the teaching bug, this route can provide more freedom while still changing students’ lives.

Gross domestic product Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gross domestic product - Assignment Example In this case, the GDP acts as a clue in matters pertinent to financial wealth of the country through measuring standard of living in a given country. Consequently, every country develops interest in knowing about the GDP correlations to ensure a boost in the wellbeing. Some of these GDP correlations realized in every country are happy index, crime rate, corruption, income and if the country is developed or developing. it is intrinsic to gain the knowledge about how these factors affect the GDP in order to tailor projects that can restore a nation. Many studies have been carried out both having the aim of testing the hypothesis presented in the paper. Through carrying out a study on the GDP of different countries, the researchers give their prediction on whether the factors are likely to increase on reduce the GDP. Andrew E Clark and Claudia Senik presents study which shows that happiness index and income have impact on the GDP. The variables in play were income, happiness index and GDP. They confirm the availability of correlation between the factors and the former. In order to test their hypothesis, the authors verified the significant relationship between happiness index and income of a country. Evidently, they found that increase in happiness index insinuates that income is also likely to increase on the other hand. The authors assert that happiness of psychological importance to the citizens, especially in their endeavors of increasing their income (Clark and Claudia, 20). The study also showed that income has a significant relationship with GDP as can be shown by the correlation presented. The study concluded that the income affects the well-being in an indomitable way regardless of other factors. Clarifying the results, the study indicates that income improves a country’s ability to adapt. In a study carried out by the J.

Survey Paper for Desktop Virtualization Assignment

Survey Paper for Desktop Virtualization - Assignment Example The notion of desktop virtualization is turning out to be a deliberate IT practice in the recent years (Intel Corporation 3-20). The survey paper intends to explore the concepts associated with desktop virtualization and the various techniques used with it. The differences amid the techniques and its useful performances will be evaluated for better understanding. Hosted desktop virtualization is a situation wherein the server positioned in the data center hosts the virtual machines. In this form of interface, the connection to the server is made through connection brokers wherein the user receives the interface with the help of the standard protocols, for instance, the Remote Desktop Protocol. With regard to hosted desktop virtualization, the market leader is the VMware Inc. and Virtual Iron Software Inc. is at the subsequent position (Santosus 1-6). This technique provides several benefits to the clients such as the standardization, flexibility along with cost savings. Client virtualization uses the â€Å"hypervisor† model software which is connected to the client device so that one desktop is able to run numerous operating systems efficiently. This is different from the hosted virtualization as it runs numerous operating systems. The leader in the market for the client virtualization is VMware Inc. and Microsoft Corporation (Santosus 1-6). It is effective as it provides security and cost effectiveness to a great extent and also operates as cloud client virtualization (Grumke 3-35). The aim of desktop virtualization is not to condense the number of the personal computers. The motive of virtualization is to decrease the complexities related with deploying along with maintaining the client devices. This is an important way of increasing the life span of the processing. Hosted desktop virtualization technique leads to better

Lightweight Community-Driven Approach to Support Ontology Evolution Essay

Lightweight Community-Driven Approach to Support Ontology Evolution - Essay Example The chapter goes on to identify the advantage of ontology evolution, the lack of systematic approach for ontology evolution and explains the motivation for this study. The chapter ends with the objectives of the study and thesis structure. 1.2 Ontology Definitions The term â€Å"Ontology† is derived from its usage in philosophy where it means the study of being or existence as well as the basic categories (Witmer 2004). Therefore, it is now used to refer to what exists in a system model. Definition 1: According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2011), â€Å"It is a particular nature of being or the kinds of things that have existence. Definition 2: Gruber (1993), on the other hand, provides a more concrete definition of Ontology. He defines it as a study which explicitly explains concepts and relationships (Gruber 1993). The set of concepts (e.g. classes, relations, functions) are used to represent and describe domain knowledge. For example, in oil and gas industry there is an established ontology for Statoil in Norway (Association 2008) a standard library related to an oil and gas domain. 1.3 Ontology Editor Ontology Editor is an application which is developed to view and edit ontology. In the past few years many applications have been developed such as OilEd (Bechhofer, Horrocks et al. 2001), OntoEdit (Sure, Erdmann et al. 2002), Protege (Gennari, Musen et al. 2003) and Web-Protege (Tudorache, Vendetti et al. 2008). Further details are explained below about each ontology editor: - OilEd: OilEd was developed in Manchester University. It is a simple ontology editor that provides further guidance in the development of Ontology Interchange Language (OIL)-based ontologies (Bechhofer, Horrocks et al. 2001), which is basically a web-based representation of ontologies organized to make it accessible and usable (Cover, 2000). It is the one which pioneers ontology editing (Bechhofer, Horrocks et al. 2001). - OntoEdit: OntoEdit was developed by the Knowledge Ma nagement Group at University of Karsnuhe Institute AFIB. It provides an ontology development that allows collaboration and inferencing. The method involves three main steps which start with requirements specification, refinement and evaluation. The first step is where the ontology engineers and domain experts meet and work towards identifying the goal of the ontology, description of the domain, and the availability of references. Design guidelines are also established in this step. Then, the team then makes the ontology in the refinement phase. Finally, the ontology requires evaluation according to its requirements specification by identifying possible errors in the ontology and efficiency for enabling collaborative work (Sure, Erdmann et al. 2002). - Protege: Protege was developed by Mark Musen at Stanford University. It is an ontology editor which has come a long way. Protege started in 1987 as a small application, which was aimed at building knowledge acquisition tools. Protege h as then been developed further, providing many new features for each version that has been released. Currently, there are hundreds of individuals and research groups are using Protege (Gennari, Musen et al. 2003). - Web-Protege: Web-Protege is a web version of Protege, also developed in Stanford University. This allows the users who have access to view and edit the ontology from the internet (Tudorache, Vende

Introduction To Social Media Plan Proposal Marketing Essay

Introduction To Social Media Plan Proposal Marketing Essay This plan includes the tactical objectives to be used to accomplish two primary goals of social media: 1. Increase unique traffic to Archello.com 2. Convert anonymous traffic to known visitors. 3. Improve search engine rankings Introduction The impact of media has changed. The Internet used almost all the traditional media such as radio, print, television and direct mail. Similarly, marketing its role has changed over the past few years. Social media enables everyone to generate their own content as a result marketers are no longer the only broadcasters. The rise of social media The Internet is growing critical to marketing, but its moving into social digital space (Weber, 2007  [1]  ). According to Weber, the social web will become the primary centre of activity in our lives. To put it differently people use the social web instead of the old media for all the services supplied. On top of that, social web brought a lot of new opportunities to exchange knowledge worldwide. According to the Internet World Statistic in June 2010 there were more than 1.96 billion people online  [2]  . Given this, it can be concluded that social web has great impact on the people. For instance people now interact and communicate as a society and use the web to extend existing relationships. Moreover, using the social web people can be seen as an influencer rather than a listener. Everybody can create and distribute their knowledge and content to an audience. In addition to that, social web offers unlimited possibilities to spread thoughts and opinions. An innovative technology called RSS (Really Simple Syndication) evolved the usage of social media. It increased the reach of blogs and given terrific push to social medias evolution (Mayfield, 2008  [3]  ). With RSS the audience can subscribe to content they are interested in, which means they do not have to search for it. What is social media, compared to traditional media, from the perspective of marketing? Traditional media and social media have the same purpose yet they differ from each other in terms of content distribution and reach. In contrast, from the perspective of marketing, the distinction with regards to content and communication with the audience is significant. The social media tools share five characteristics that drive participation, openness, conversation, community and connectedness. To put it differently, these tools speculate the differences between traditional and social media. When it concerns consumer recommendation, the traditional media hardly offers anything. Since the socialisation of the web, sharing opinions has never been so easy. The consumer influence channel has changed significantly since social media and its many tools. The table below shows the difference between both types of media. Consumer influence has become extremely important. Both Personal experience and personal recommendation is a strong tool to influence consumers. This is something that traditional media does not offer. Thus companies should start being active in social media for the increasing importance of social media. When it comes to sourcing information, low-involvement products and services are not the only categories that people research and review online. It is remarkable the number of people that research high-involvement products. Looking at the marketing angle, this reflects that consumer influence on the web is also impacting long-term marketing. Social Networks Companies make use of social networking to connect with their customers. Social networking sites are basically online communities where people can share personal information, opinions, share common interest and content information. These online communities offer entertaining services and help its members help to expand their networks. Blogs Weblog is an online journal where the most recent entries appear first. People can subscribe and even leave comments. Weblog covers a wide range of content. A successful blog updates and focuses its tone, topic, links and trackbacks, comments and subscription. These features make a blog interesting. Furthermore, there is a blog distinction between personal, political and business. In the context of this report, Archellos blog can be seen as a marketing opportunity. Micro-blogging Micro-blogging is a combination of social networking and instant messaging that people can create. It provides a quick way to communicate with a group of people the message can be posted on their profile. An example of micro blogging is Twitter. The content of micro blogging is limited. Target audience With help of Internet opinions and thoughts can be shared much easier than before. People have conversations outside their social network. The influence economy is compelling the people to become more open and social. Therefore having the right target audience will contribute to a more effective communication strategy. Archellos target audience is very broad. Its target audience are the architect, the contracting firm, the architect school, the building contractor, the service provider and junior designer. Each target audience needs to be approached differently. An architect firm makes use of micro-blogging like LinkedIn whereas a designer student will become a fan on facebook. Social Media Strategies: Blog 2 hours daily Goal: 1000 daily viewers by 1st of January 2011 Short-term objectives: Increase recognition 3 number of posts a day Add RSS button Link with different architecture websites such as www.news.architecture.sk Using SocialOomph Increase engagement Post tradeshows that Archello will participate in Run a photo contest on Archellos blog and flickr Make a poll for visitors for feedback and suggestions Post latest buzz and market trends on architecture Provide forum page on Archellos blog Key Metrics: Number of posts Audience growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  unique and returns Conversation rate Conversions Subscribers Social Networks 2 hours daily Goal: 10.000 likes by February 2011 Short-term objectives: Facebook fan page 3 number of posts a day Link the fan page with other informative web pages such as www.news.architecture.sk Participate in others groups like Archdaily Use facebook involver applications to enhance the fan page Use Facebook add badge to increase recognition Create a invite us button on Archello website for the exhibitions Archello members should start leaving a comment on fan page about a post Enhance the fan page Total budget: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬700 euro per month Archello.com Post relevant and inspiring case studies focusing on the design process and start discussion board where architects can discuss how they would handle a project. Start using WordPress and LiveJournal to write small piece on the architecture industry and link it back to Archello.com Run a contest of top 10 photographs. Pictures will be uploaded on Flickr, Facebook and Archello.com. The following text will appear on Flickr for the contest: We are going to publish the best 10 photos from this pool every month on Archello.com. The photos will highlight the best Flickr talents on the architecture website. Once we pick our 10 favorite photos we are going to let the photographers know via Flickrmail to let them know we are going to publish the photos. You can also join us on facebook: http://www.facebook.com/home.php?#!/pages/Archellocom/130796890286255 LinkedIn Keep the Profile up to date Start a discussion on new projects and trends related to Archello Follow companies who already are users of Archello Participate in QA, this will built credibility Join other groups to extend the number of followers Key Metrics: Referrals from social networks Friends on Social Networks Micro blogging (Twitter) 2 hours weekly Goal: 3000 followers by 1st of February 2011 Short-term objectives: Adjust the key words on twitter to attract more followers Update company profile Post trade shows that Archello will be visiting Post exhibition videos of Archello Follow daily follow 90 to 110 new people Total budget Twitter: $29,95 Key Metrics: Friends/Followers 2ndà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ order followers (followers follower count) Pages ranking on key terms from micro blogging sites Widgets 1 hour per month Short-term objectives: Creation of widgets at widgetbox.com Distribution of widgets like chat rooms, Vimeo badge and social share badge on Archello.com Key Metrics Usage of widgets (by count) Posts/Mentions about social widgets offsite Bookmarking 2 hour daily Short-term objectives: Update and Post stories on the following sites: Delicious Sphinn Reddit Digg Stumbleupon: bookmark each story or project and use wordpress blog to increase exposure. Squidoo Flickr Add This Key Metrics: Referrals from bookmarking sites Pages ranking on key terms from bookmarketing sites Online Video 2 hours weekly Short-term objectives: Update videos on social video sites and link to Archello.com Youtube Use a friend adder program: Tube Blaster Pro Key Metrics: Referrals from social video sites Views of videos on social sites Pages ranking on key terms from Youtube Photo sharing 2 hours weekly Short-term objectives: Photos of the exhibition and Archello stand Share the photos with links back to blog and Archello.com Flickr Facebook Photo Gallery Archellos blog Key Metrics: Referrals from photo sharing sites Views of photos on social sites Pages ranking on key terms from photo sharing sites Marketing suggestions to increase recognition and exposure: Create a invite us button on Archello website for the exhibitions etc Updating the blog with the latest projects and ideas relating to sustainability, content updates Organize a party for moving to Amsterdam or having the best augmented reality Top 5 architecture tips every week and link this to facebook, twitter etc Start using WordPress and LiveJournal to write small piece on the architecture industry Try to link the website with CNN.com and BBC.com since they have a major online publications Make use of Ad banners on facebook to increase brand awareness Participate on tradshows: at least once a month Post once a day links on different architecture pages. These pages include: Architecture (Visual Artist) number of likes: 62,079 Architecture (page) number of likes: 249,181 Architecture Lab (webpage) number of likes: 5,248 ARCHITECTURE AND INTERIOR DESIGN (page) number of likes: 127,885 ARCHITECTS ARE SEXY (page) number of likes: 59,164 Source: http://ezinearticles.com/?Sample-Social-Media-Marketing-Planid=3176676 http://www.danielhoang.com/2009/03/08/social-media-strategic-plan/ http://www.icrossing.co.uk/fileadmin/uploads/eBooks/What_is_Social_Media_iCrossing_ebook.pdf http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm http://www.marketingtothesocialweb.com/files/Marketing_to_the_Social_Web_-_Chapter_1.pdf How To Write Your Social Media Plan In 8 Steps

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Efficient communication between cells is crucial in governing cellular activities. Cytokines are a key element of the cell signaling process and mediate communication among cells. Cytokines are a type of small proteins released by cells that have an effect on the behavior of other cells. There are several different types of cytokines including interleukins, interferons, and tumour necrosis factor. Many different types of cells can produce cytokines, such as immune cells like macrophages, mast cells, and B lymphoctyes. Cytokines are especially important in the immune system because they help coordinate that balance between the cell-based immune response and the humoral immune response. There are several different factors that go into play in the function of cytokines and their effect. There are many different types of cytokines, and each cytokines has a matching cell-surface receptor. Cytokines bind to specific receptors on target cells with high affinity. Cascades of intercellular signaling following then have an effect on the function of cells. Depending on what type of cytokines,...